Cycling
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Articles
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Sports Nutrition information: Energy Drinks
Sports drinks – can you have too much of a good thing?
What to wear for cycling warm-ups
Weighted vests can enhance warm-ups
Carbohydrate benefit during cycling
How carbohydrate affects your mood
Endurance Training with Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylserine – a magic bullet for endurance?
Chronobiology and the Internal Clock
Chronobiology – how timing could give you the edge
Cycling Training improves sports performance
Can bike training improve the performance of non-cycling athletes?
Cycling Injury: Choose The Right Bike To Avoid Injury
How Choosing The Right Bike Can Help Avoid Injury
Training for Cyclists: Cycling Aerodynamics and Stamina
Don't Let Drag Interfere With Your Cycling Training
Strength Training and Leg Exercises for Cyclists
Strength Training And The Importance Of Leg Exercises: Novice, Expert and Club Cyclists
Cycling Training and how carbohydrate, torso training and building endurance can help
endurance, ergogenic drugs, hydration and vibration
Cycling Training - building success
success in racing through careful planning of your cycling training
Interval Training and Fitness for Cyclists
Cycling - the road to success
Dietary Performance Enhancement
Burning More Fat to Increase Periodization
Nutrition Advice for Endurance Cyclists
Physiological Assessment in Cycling
Record-breaking predictions : What are the absolute limits to human performance levels?
Pre-competition: Pre-competition exercise: does timing matter?
Cyclists Warm Up: Which warm-up for cyclists?
Active Warm-ups: How active warm-up boosts performance
Triathlon Swim: Swim slower for faster triathlon times
Sports Books : A tour de force about the Tour de France
maltodextrin-plus-fructose drink
Maltodextrin-plus-fructose Drink: Carb combo drink produces most energy
serum ferritin levels | iron overload
Serum ferritin levels: Iron overload in cyclists
Cyclists sperm: Sperm changes in long-distance cyclists
Sport music: Music as ergogenic aid
Muscle glycogen stores: Supercompensation only works once
Menstruation: Cycling proficiency - do the various menstrual phases affect athletic performance?
hodiola rosea | cordyceps sinensis
Hodiola rosea & cordyceps sinensis - Chinese supplements don't work for cyclists
Cycling position -The best position for untrained cyclists
Cycling biomechanics - The biomechanics of safe and effective cycling performance at all ability levels
exercise in the heat | pre-cooling techniques
Pre-cooling techniques increase performance in the heat
Tendinitis (inflammation of a muscle tendon) is without doubt the most common cause of lower-leg pain.
Swimmers - Is Fatter Faster?
Creatine: Sedentary elderly gain most from creatine supplementation
Fluid Replacement: After warm-weather workouts, you must rehydrate.
Exercise And Immunity: How your diet affects your immune system when you train
Branched-chain amino acid (bcaa)
Branched chain amino acids prevent muscle protein breakdown but they don't boost performance.
Runners V Cyclists: Runners may have denser leg bones, but cyclists have more muscular arms.
These sizzling 'super sets' will have a dramatic effect on your performance
These sizzling 'super sets' will have a dramatic effect on your performance
Report On Blood Lactate 2: Things your mother forgot to tell you about blood lactate
creatine | endurance athletes | weight gain
Creatine and endurance athletes - The correct dose of creatine can help endurance athletes - without making them gain weight
Freestyle swimming techniques: Only the development of swimming flumes in the 1970s allowed tests to be performed which compared to those being carried out on such activities as cycling and running.
Caffeine: Endurance cyclists, triathletes, skiers, and runners still take caffeine before their long-distance efforts, even though no study has ever linked the nerve-jangling chemical with heightened competitive performances over marathon-type distances.
High-altitude Eating: Follow this eating plan to stop high altitude getting you down.
emergency training | cycling training
If you need to get into competitive shape fast, follow the example of these South African cyclists.
athletes' lungs | training | asthma | lung diseases
How training takes its toll on athletes' lungs
endurance athletes immune systems
Endurance Athletes Immune Systems: Endurance athletes who swill a carbohydrate drink are not only helping their muscles but also their immune systems.
As the world hour record comes down, how much is due to technology and how much to improved performance?
Increasing speed: short intervals
Increasing Speed: Short Intervals: Athletes use short intervals to increase speed, add variety to their workouts, and improve anaerobic power and lactic-acid tolerance, but short-interval sessions aren't without problems.
ultra-distance competitions | female athletes
Ultra-distance competitions - Go long, young woman!
Metabolism: You do have a 'fat-burning zone', but do you really want to go there to burn off fat?
Female cyclists | health | nutrition
Female cyclists health and nutrition: A guide to the proper care and feeding of female cyclists.
Race Pacing
Heart Rate Monitor Reviews - Warning: reliance on a heart monitor can seriously damage your performance
Training Volume: Long workouts and fast twitch muscles - a nice combination
Boosting Vo2max: Competitive endurance cyclists are always searching for ways to boost their aerobic capacities (V02max) but are seldom quite sure about which workouts will produce the greatest effect.
Endurance Athletes Workouts: You may (mistakenly) think this training method is old hat, but it is brilliant for endurance athletes. Here are a couple of suggested workouts
Lactate: How to boost lactate threshold and why it will lift your performances.
Energy drinks and heat fatigue - Dilute energy drinks are best for fighting heat fatigue
Cycling Speed: Given the right conditions, the boffins reckon a top athlete could pedal at an average speed of over 98 km per hour!
Plasma Expansion: If you're an endurance athlete, you need more blood than the individual who sits around watching the telly.
Post Workout Burn: After you've finished a workout, your body is not finished working.
Tapering 1: What form of tapering works best in which sports? Here's a critical review of the research
Pedalling Technique: why pedalling fast is more efficient
Tapering programme | cycling training
Tapering Programme: Using science to help design a tapering programme for cyclists.
Backward biking | Rehabilitation
Is 'backward biking' a good rehab activity?
overtraining effects on performance
Overtraining Effects On Performance: If you want to prevent staleness and overtraining, keep a record of your quality of sleep and levels of fatigue!
Exercise, endocrin and eichotech
Exercise endocrinology and the myth of the Eicotech diet.
hot weather performance | cooling devices
Hot Weather Performance: When you're cycling in the heat, will this gizmo keep you cool?
Fat As Fuel: What value are medium-chain triglycerides as an energy source for endurance athletes?
High-fat Gains for Ultra-endurance Performance
High-fat Gains for Ultra-endurance Performance
Creatine Effects: A man who is showing athletes how to use advances in sports nutrition to produce dramatic improvements in their performances.
Strength Training Advice: Is strength training really beneficial for endurance athletes? Here's a sport-by-sport review
Carbo loading: depletion phase
Carbo Loading: Depletion Phase: In the good old days of carbo-loading, endurance athletes would complete an especially exhausting workout, consume platefuls of fat-laden goodies for three days or so, and then shift to three days of low-fat, high-carbohydrate food in order to maximally boost their muscle-glycogen levels before an important competition.
carbohydrate loading Research: A revolutionary new way to slam 20 per cent more glycogen into your muscles.
Interval Training: Interval training can deplete athletes' iron stores
saddle sore | mountain biking | scrotal disorders | testicular disorders
Saddle sore and more - the private perils of mountain biking
Nose strips | Breathe Right External Nasal Dilator,
Here's the scientific verdict on those nose strips - the damned things don't work
Fat | body fat levels | cyclists
Fat: As competitive cyclists search for ways to improve their workouts and performances, they often focus on their body-fat levels. Most cyclists want to get rid of surplus body fat so that they will have less "excess baggage" to carry as they train and compete.
Can Vitamin E (a-tocopherol) supplementation boost the performances of endurance athletes? Some sports nutritionists think that it might.
Adaptogens: What exactly are " adaptogens" and can they really help your performances.
Coffee to go: how caffeine may shave seconds off your time
Hdl Cholesterol: Fat is on the lips of more and more athletes these days - in both the verbal and gastronomic sense
What time is it inside your body? The answer may determine the effectiveness of your training - and your performance
Sport By Sport Diet Guide: Whatever your sport, nutrition should be an integral part of your training and competition strategy. Although the emphasis will vary according to the activity you're involved in, there is a consensus among sports scientists on guidelines that athletes should be aiming for.
Rowers work long and hard to perfect their rowing strokes, but should they also learn to coordinate their breathing with their rowing?
Dehydration And Performance: We've said it before and we'll say it again: even on cool days, dehydration can seriously damage your performance. Here's a guide to avoiding it
Cyclists nutrition: What's the best nutrition strategy for professional cyclists?
Chronotype and Performance: More research on the larks and the owls
Fluid Replacement: If you're exercising for an hour or less in moderate temperatures, taking in water may actually hamper performance
Fast Pedalling: Why fast pedaling makes cyclists more efficient.
Building Bone-mass: Hoping to build bone mass? Try squash and weight lifting!
Nutritional Tips: A quick sampling of health & fitness boosters from PP's library of research.
Crash Training: Doubling or even trebling the training load can produce amazing results, but you have to follow strict rules.
VO2max for Cyclists
Sodium Bicarbonate: Research suggests it may boost performance in short events, but it can have nauseating side-effects.
Training: altitude or sea-level
Training: Altitude Or Sea-level: In related work carried out by researchers at the University of Copenhagen, competitive rowers who trained at sea level achieved significantly greater gains in fitness, compared to rowers who trained at altitude.
triathlon training schedule | cross training
It can stop you getting injured and, who knows, might even help you to win
veronique billat | exercise research:
Veronique Billat - Exercise Research
Distance Events: The risks of going long: when the super-fit endurance athlete turns into the heart attack victim
Glycaemic Index: Things mother forgot to tell you about the glycaemic index of your food - and how it influences your training
Cycling - Interval Training
Heart Rate Monitor Reviews - Warning: reliance on a heart monitor can seriously damage your performance
Sports Drinks: When sports drinks don't work
Triglycerides: Putting medium-chain triglycerides in your sports drink can increase your endurance.
endurance athletes training methods
Endurance athletes training methods
Running Economy 1: A brief history of the strengthening of the economy, and why it matters
Owen Anderson answers training queries
Sport nutrition
Dangers Of Ephedrine: Here's what happens when you put a little ephedrine in your coffee.
Vo2max Defined: For years V02max has been referred to as a gold standard of aerobic fitness. It is simply a physiological index that can be measured while you are exercising.
Synchronising muscles with heart
Synchronising Muscles With Heart: Should athletes attempt to synchronize muscular contractions with heart rates during workouts and competitive efforts? At first glance, the idea seems like a strange one, but scientific research suggests that it might be the right thing to do.
For endurance athletes, two of the key problems associated with getting older are a gradual decline in muscle mass and a potential loss of bone density. The missing muscle makes it more difficult to run, cycle or swim powerfully, and the shrinking bones increase the likelihood of injury and osteoporosis.
New vVO2max workouts lead to impressive gains in fitness
Between Work Intervals: What you do between work intervals can be as important as the work itself.
Interval Training 1: How to strike and sustain VO2max gold, and other benefits of high-quality workouts
Hydration: Drink your way to winning performances: the seven secrets of hydration.
Strength Training: Does strength training bring out the killer in you?
As the world hour record comes down, how much is due to technology and how much to improved performance?
Personal best training program
Personal Best Training Program: Moderate starts, consistent pacing, and negative splits can carry you to new PBs.
Respiratory Training
Fat, fitness and performance 2
Fat, Fitness And Performance 2: Let's face it. Even though carbohydrate is the key fuel for athletic performance and slimness-seeking athletes usually avoid high-fat foods as much as possible, you do need to include some fat in your diet
breathing techniques in running
Breathing Techniques In Running: If you let your mind control your heart, you can improve your performances
Cross-training: Can runners pedal their way to faster 5K times?
These sizzling 'super sets' will have a dramatic effect on your performance
These sizzling 'super sets' will have a dramatic effect on your performance
Tapering And Performance: In order to be the best in whatever swimming discipline, competitive athletes and their coaches are constantly seeking new and effective methods to improve performance.
How to design a sports-specific fitness programme
Conditioning: Next to cross-country skiing, running is the best type of fitness training for all sports.
Creatine: Another knock for creatine - it doesn't seem to help cyclists.
Anaerobic exercises: Two-week training cycle plus 10-day taper leads to huge gains in anaerobic capacity.
Tapering 2: What form of tapering works best in which sports? Here's a critical review of the research
Pyruvate supplements get the thumbs down
Fat is on the lips of more and more athletes these days - in both the verbal and gastronomic sense
Low Back Pain: Cyclists with low-back pain should now adjust their saddles
Cross Training: Triathletes are right to combine cycling and running in the same training session
High-fat Diet: Because they believe that fat is the key fuel which powers their long-distance efforts, endurance cyclists continue to consume high-fat diets, and some even utilize high-fat nutritional supplements in an attempt to add staying power to their performances.
Maximal Lactate Steady State pace
Maximal Lactate Steady State Pace: An easy way for runners to estimate Maximal Lactate Steady State pace
creatine side effects | creatine facts
Creatine side effects: are we to believe the latest scare stories about creatine?
Macronutrients - Carbohydrates: the Fuel of Choice for Serious Athletes
Carbohydrates: the Fuel of Choice for Serious Athletes
Cycling Uphill: Should uphill cyclists stand or sit?
Strength Training Routines: Is strength training really beneflcial for endurance athletes? Here's a sport-by-sport review
abdominal muscle exercises, lower back pain exercises and injury prevention
Whether you aim to run a marathon, perform step aerobics, scrummage for Harlequins, or cycle the London to Brighton, you shouldn't neglect a proper conditioning routine as part of your training if you want to achieve muscular balance and avoid injury.
Fluid Replacement: Regular topping-up is far more than a matter of just quenching thirst.
Cross Training Workouts
Honey - an alternative sports gel
Portable Lactate Analyzer: If you want to work out your blood-lactate level, this palm-size American gizmo is surprisingly accurate.
Hyperoxic training | cycling training
Hyperoxic Training: How "hyperoxic" training dramatically improves cycling performance.
Tandem cycling: Mismatched fitness levels? Try a tandem
Questions
What do you think of the Peak Performance Premium area? (!)
As the main provider of information in this area, I'd like to find out what you think about the videos and the articles in particular.
Best training for a long bike ride - with complications!
I have a froend who is 65 and was a fiarly good distance cylcist. He was then diagnosed with parkinsons, which is in early stages and copntrolled by drugs.
I am a 21 year old male competitive cyclist and have been struggling with over training syndrome and trying to recover.
What does "Whey Protein" do for you?
I know people who out it in fruit smoothies or energy drinks, but wat is it and what does it do?
'm 25 yrs woman.. am I too Old to get into training?!
I am 25 yr old woman, have always been into sport since school.., always enjoyed it but being from India, never had very good resources for training(other than cricket of course) plus women and sport
To train carrying weight or not?
Is it better to train for cycling carrying a weight and then how much weight is good without stressing your body? or is it better to get used to race conditions?
Effect of gender stereotypes on sporting goals/achievements?
any thoughts towards this topic? do you know of any articles i can read up on? thanks so much for your time
Hi this is my first post on this forum so forgive me if this is a regularly answered question.
How much effect does carrying weight effect cycling?
I ride to and from uni, work, etc. I carry clothes, a towel, etc. in a backpack that would weigh about 8kg I also have a bike that weighs 13kg.
What is the best thing to eat the night and morning before a ride?
i am going away for the weekend and i have a 26k ride on saturday, then going to the south downs on sunday for more of the same. so i want to prepair properly.
As a teenager would they affect your hormones?
How much time do you think is required to train effectively for an Ironman? A first one, that is. I also work full-time. Anyone ever done one?
What is the optimum pedling method for road cycling?
Just downward motion or combining downward and up-pull.
How do I improve my fitness fast?
I need to improve my fitness asap......
When should a triathlete travel before a sea level race?
We live and train in Mexico city at 2300 meters above sea level. I have received conflicting evidence regarding travelling to sea level races.
More distance or intensity on my bike?
I had double pneumonia and pleurisy last September which was very stubborn to go.
Just broken my wrist, have a race in 5 weeks can i still compete?
I have just broken my wrist and have a race in 5 weeks can i still compete?
What are the best exercises for improving strength as a road cyclist?
I race 40km crit races and want to move from c grade to b grade next season.
I have dificulty shaping the lower part of my stomach. What exercise can I do to reach that area.
How do you tell if you have shin splints. I have a pain in my left leg above my ankle, but I don't know what it is.
How do I loosen my hamstrings?
I have really tight ham strings and it affects me physically. What is a good stretch or exercise that will help me to loosen them.
Plyometric/Neural adaptation drills for running. Any for cycling?
PP brought out an article about 7yrs ago on plyometric drills and how they improved 5 k times. Can anyone tell me what issue that was as I'd like to refresh myself with them.
I'm a star 2 spinning instructor and am interested to hear your opinions on the good points + bad ..likes and dislikes of a 45 min class.
How can I get the best beginners training in cycling?
I m 30 plus n training to get speed n endurance plus a healthy lifestyle.
Please can you help me with specific weight training to assist in movement and conditioning
I have just started cycling and would like to improve my speed
I average 25km/h on a reasonably hilly 20km run but would like to do better as my bike is fast becoming my main form of transport.
Are the eas myplex drinks good?
is eas myoplex good for your body does it have any side effects any one tried it yet?
Whats everyones views on the use of ice baths?
Does anyone here use them regularly? If so how long for?
Any ideas on how to loosen muscles without strenuous stretching?
apparently i have ridiculousy tight calf n thighs, and have been told to stretch more, i was hoping someone could maybe point me in the right direction as to which stretches to do without injuring mys
Formula for determining HRmax - Does it apply to all fitness levels?
Does the standard formula for determining HRmax (220 minus age in years) hold true for all levels of fitness? Is it not based on "sedentary" individuals?
uses the the entire lower body, to what extent does it work the hamstrings and calves?
Should I weight train to lose weight?
I run, swim and cycle (doing at least one or a combination of the three each day for at least 1 hour per day). I also do weight training 1-2 times per week.
How do you condition fast twitch fibres?
I hear that is what makes you faster. This is because I am looking to get a faster time in my 100m and 200m
Opinion. If you could only do one aerobic exercise, which would it be?
Facts are lovely. Which one provides the best overall benefits?
How to cycle faster on shorter rides?
I do mainly long distance rides. I generally average about the same speed for 50km, 100km or 200km (depending on conditions - hills, wind etc).
Is cycling JUST for losing weight?
I am 30 yrs. old. I want to build strong, muscular legs, but people tell me that cycling is the wrong sport for that purpose.I have always been very lean and cut.
Comparison charts for 1 minute of sit ups, push ups and press-ups?
Does anyone have charts for adults performing 1 minute of sit-ups, push-ups and press-ups?
I'm having problems with a constant numb pain in my lower back. It sometimes feel as if it's coming from my hamstrings. It gets worse after more intense running sessions.
How should i train and what do i have to do?
Im doing a 1/10 IRON MAN on the 12 April 08 in South Africa, its 380km swim, 18 km Cycle and 4.2 km run,it just seems so hard for me, my boyfriend has done 5 IRON MAN'S going on the 6th.
Time Trial set up and specific training
Can anyone out there advise me on some easy points to check I have the correct set up position on my timne trail bike as I am a novice to the sport.
Heart rate gets higher for high intensity work though I get fitter ?
Me and some friends are cycling during the summer, and do quite a lot of spinning during the winter season.
How can I reduce chronic hard muscle after exercise?
I am 43 year old male, 150lbs, and 5'11".
Do you have a question for our community?
PP Online has over 10,000 registered users, all of them keen sportsmen and women, including many coaches, personal trainers and sports scientists.
Blogs
Symmetry – Asymmetry: Problem Solving a Repetitive Use Injury
Searching for the reason that repetitive use injuries occur can be difficult and frustrating.
Have shoulder pains? You came to the right place.
I have been doing exercises for my abs but they are just now showing what can I do? I even have little fat.
I started training two months ago and I have really noticed a boost in my fitness,all you need is time and dedication.
“The 7 Deadly Sins of Lifting” this is another installment from A. Jay of a series of motivational articles.
Most people would agree the hardest muscle to get into shape is the one 'between the ears.'
next NLP Sports Practitioner Course that we run here at Mindtree Ltd.
How to warm up before training and event
TRAINING ADVICE Warm ups Warming up prior to exercise, helps lower your risk of injuries and the aches and pains that come with exercise.
Drug testing what's out there a physiotherapists view point
Testing Athletes for Drug Use Why do some “athletes” try to enhance their performances on the track and field by taking drugs?
Here is the first and not the last instalment of Nick Mitchell’s long awaited All Strength Q&A.
Are you making these mistakes as an Athlete?
Don’t get me wrong nobody’s perfect, especially me, many of these ideas came from my “Stupidity”, a rollercoaster of discovery, injuries and re-injury, does that sound about right?
Okay....my whinge of the day. I don't know about the rest of you but I am getting fed up with the yobs (waste of spacers for my fellow Americans) that seem to be everywhere these days.
A day, or days, in the life of a middle aged triathlete (that may be a bit of a stretch...;-) )
Okay...first effort at a blog on this site. Not had much luck in the past with other sites.
It's been so long since my knee injury. You'd think I'd have got over it and be back on my bike as it were! . . But alas It's taking me a while to build my fitness up again.
Sports Medicine Foot and Ankle Rehabilitation
This article was a long time coming. After writing and then scraping and re-writing it is a good way to describe this.
The Insider’s Secrets to a Flat Stomach
Hey regular blog readers myself and Nick sat down and and had a conversation, long story short this article was born.
Rotational Carbohydrates "RO-CHO" ?
Rotational Carbohydrates "RO-CHO" Article by Steve Blades. It is all about carbohydrate rotation for ultimate performance.
Another great read by Steve Blades aka "Marmite". If you are not making gains in the gym or the track this will change everything completely.
You are a Beginner, READ THIS!
A great,long article about everything on general bodybuilding ,training, nutrition and supplementation as a beginner.
A great new update to hit Rawgrip.com, a great article for all of the new found health freaks this year.
Squat Rx Video Creator Interview
If you are a serious lifter you must have heard of the “Squat Rx” video series all over the net. The Videos are available on YouTube.
How Focused Are You at the Gym?
Sean discusses The Top 10 Reasons why you are slacking in the Gym and How to prevent this. He exposes some great Tips how to make your training sessions more productive for better end results.
Finally an article created for all you serious weight shifters. C Pikey discuses the truth about A massive Bench Press and gives some tips How To Improve your Weak Bench.
haemoglobin levels and performance
what effect on performance would a 15% drop in haemoglobin levels have? as any one had blood test and and had this problem ? and what was the outcome ?
Glycemic Index in Athletes and Weight management
An article about the glycemic index of carbohydrates pertains directly to athletes and their performance.
A new article by Michael Nystrom discussing the protein intake amounts in athletes. Athlete Protein intake article
America's growing health crisis.
A good article about fish oils and the recommended intake in an athlete, a great read. Fish oil article Or
I finally finished a nutrition article which will help any athlete to peak performance. It covers everything from protein intake for an athlete and how to loose some extra pounds.
Training Methods for the Development of Power
The other day I came across a presentation a friend and I did at university. Thought I'd share it with you all.
It's a very exciting day for us today, because we've had our first major relaunch in 7 years.
When we set up the new PP Online site, one of our biggest aims was to create a place where anyone with a passion for sport could share their opinions and experiences.
Who drinks red bull or other caffeine beverages before they compete?
Protein requirements for the strength athlete
Figures are regularly tossed out as to how much protein an athlete needs in their diet.
Steroids are banned, dangerous drugs. DON’T TAKE THEM.
Record-breaking preditcions : What are the absolute limits to human performance levels?
Everything’s up to date in Kansas City – they’ve gone about as far as they can go!
Maltodextrin-plus-fructose Drink: Carb combo drink produces most energy
UK researchers have found that ingesting large amounts of two simple carbohydrates during prolonged cycling exercise allows for significantly greater conversion of carbohydrate to energy than ingestin
In 2003 I was lucky enough to have the opportunity to venture into the Pyrenees mountain range in the south of France to witness the penultimate mountain stage of the Tour de France.
A new UK study has shown that cycling performance is boosted by prior moderate and heavy exercise, but not by sprint exercise.
Pre-competition exercise: does timing matter?
Cycling time triallists gain a significant performance advantage if, on the day before competition, they train at exactly the same time as the competition is scheduled to start.
Serum ferritin levels: Iron overload in cyclists
Normally in sport it is iron deficiency that gives cause for concern.
Cyclists sperm: Sperm changes in long-distance cyclists
Male endurance cyclists may be at risk of significant changes in the structure if not the quality of their sperm, according to a new study
To watch Lance Armstrong grit his teeth and accept the challenge of a rival on a mountain stage in the Tour de France counts for me as one of the highlights of modern sport.
To watch Lance Armstrong grit his teeth and accept the challenge of a rival on a mountain stage in the Tour de France counts for me as one of the highlights of modern sport.
